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Is There a UFO Cover-up? A Government Insider Speaks Out (Part 1)
05/09/2016 06:09 pm ET | Huffington Post Updated 18 hours ago

About six months ago, our board at UFODATA was privileged to welcome Christopher Mellon as the newest member of our team. Chris spent nearly 20 years in the federal government serving in various national security positions. For the first time, he has agreed to speak publicly about his experiences within government as they relate to UFOs.

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Photo courtesy Chris Mellon

It is unusual for a man of Chris’s stature to speak openly about UFOs, which gives his statements great weight. His positions during the Clinton and Bush administrations involved high clearances; in fact, there are few people who have enjoyed such deep and wide-ranging access to compartmented programs in both the Defense Department (DoD) and the intelligence community. Chris is the recipient of numerous awards, including the National Reconnaissance Office Gold Medal and the Defense Intelligence Agency Director’s Medal.

At DoD, Chris served on a small committee that provided oversight of all DoD special access programs, in order to eliminate potential waste and duplication. The oversight included visits to Area 51 and other sensitive facilities. He also spent over a decade on the Senate Intelligence Committee, involved in oversight of NRO, CIA, NSA and other intelligence organizations. He became the first Congressional official to review all of the NSA’s compartmented programs.

I wanted to know what Chris had to say about Hillary Clinton’s implications that the government may be withholding classified UFO documents. Backed by John Podesta, chairman of her campaign, Clinton has been speaking about the need to “get to the bottom of the UFO mystery.” Her comments are unprecedented within a presidential campaign.

Here is my recent conversation with Chris Mellon, mainly conducted via email, edited only for clarity.

Q: When did you first become interested in UFOs?

A: I was about seven years old when I saw an old-fashioned amateur movie taken by a friend of our school principal. It showed a huge, golden disc-shaped object serenely moving through sunny, blue skies, passing through cumulous clouds in a manner that would be very hard to fake. I have no idea what became of the movie, but it filled me with wonder and awe. I read everything I could get my hands on afterwards and eventually did a research project on UFOs in college for a physics professor. I remain deeply intrigued.

Q: Did your colleagues in government know you were interested in UFOs? Were you afraid of being ridiculed?

A: It was something I didn’t reveal to colleagues unless I got to know them well and we became personal friends. Even then of course I wasn’t a nut about it and I certainly was not obsessed; it was simply a subject of great curiosity. It did not come up often. I was focused like a laser on my duties 99.9 percent of the time.

Q: Hillary Clinton has been asked about UFOs during her campaign. As the former Secretary of State, would she be likely to know if there were any classified government programs involving UFOs?

A: No, I don’t think so. I recall instances when White House officials sought briefings on highly compartmented DoD programs and were flatly refused. Access to such programs is on a need to know basis. In general, nobody outside DoD, including the Secretary of State, is deemed to have a need to know. Officials like John Podesta and Secretary Clinton can easily serve for years in senior positions and be avid consumers of classified intelligence analysis but never obtain access to DoD’s compartmented programs, which mostly relate to new weapons systems. Information about such programs rarely leaks because it doesn’t circulate, unlike the constant stream of leaked information regarding classified intelligence activities.

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Chris (right) with former Secretary of Defense Bill Cohen in 1995. Note the inscription:
“The Other Man who kept all the secrets.” Chris drafted the bill for Cohen
that established the US Special Operations Command.
(photo © Chris Mellon)

Q: Do you think that if Clinton is elected we can expect to learn new information about UFOs?

A: I highly doubt DoD or any other government agency is concealing UFO information. I participated in a comprehensive review of DoD’s black programs and spent over a decade conducting oversight of the national foreign intelligence program, an almost totally separate world of secrets. I visited Area 51 and other military, intelligence and research facilities. During all those years, I never detected the faintest hint of government interest or involvement in UFOs.

Q: Clinton and John Podesta have been focusing on the need for de-classifying government documents. What do you think about that?

A: While a few new, previously overlooked documents might turn up (the bureaucracy is never perfect), I do not believe they would resolve the UFO issue or provide significant new insights. I can think of one lengthy UFO report that is classified only due to concerns over sources and methods. In fact, it identified a convincing conventional explanation for the pilot sightings in this particular case. There are lots of classified documents related to activities at Area 51, where high security is needed. But this is all legitimate stuff the American people would support. They have nothing to do with UFOs, to the best of my knowledge.

Q: Do you recall any incidents involving UFOs while you were in government?

A: Yes, there were a handful of incidents. Knowing of my interest in UFOs, a breathless naval aviator called me one day to report that he was present minutes earlier when a Navy jet landed after being circled by a UFO in broad daylight. The Navy did not pursue the issue as far as I could tell. I also recall the Maui Optical Tracking Facility, which tracks satellites, recording a flight of four or five fiery UFOs traversing the night sky. Nobody knew what to make of it. But no government official expressed the slightest interest even after the tape was featured on ABC’s Nightline. I found the utter lack of scientific curiosity due to political correctness highly frustrating.

Q: How do you think the press and public will react if Clinton is elected, makes the inquiries she promised, but comes up empty-handed?

A: I think the conspiracy theorists will be angry and unconvinced, while the general public may conclude UFOs are not a worthwhile topic. If Clinton really wants to get to the bottom of the UFO issue, I think she should officially task NORAD with collection and analysis responsibility. Simultaneously, she should assign the Office of Science and Technology Policy the job of reviewing available evidence, coordinating with other countries and providing scientific assessments and recommendations.

Q: The taboo against taking UFOs seriously is a huge problem. How can we get more government officials to change this ingrained attitude?

A: I think we have to ask ourselves a key question, and then bring it forward. “Are there UFO cases that are sufficiently well-documented to warrant a scientific investigation of the phenomenon?” In my view, the answer is yes.

The patterns in the data are too strong; the reports from credible witnesses separated widely by time and place too similar; the evidence from videos and trained military and law enforcement observers too extensive; and the independent radar data in select cases correlates too highly with visual observations to safely ignore. Finally, when someone you trust and respect, like a naval aviator, looks you in the eye and tells you he saw something truly extraordinary at close range, it’s hard not to take his testimony seriously. It is arrogant, unreasonable and unwise to dismiss such reports. We should simply and impartially follow the trail wherever it leads.
 
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Is There a UFO Cover-up? A Government Insider Speaks Out (Part 2)
05/09/2016 06:09 pm ET | Huffington Post Updated 18 hours ago

Q: Which credible UFO incidents have you found particularly impressive and convincing?

A: A few stand out in my mind. In November 1989, 13 police officers and hundreds of other witnesses saw two silent triangular craft gliding over Belgium. This was the beginning of a wave of sightings there lasting well over a year. Ground and air radar data were acquired as well. The Belgian Air Force investigated the events in cooperation with a team of scientists and consulted with the U.S. and NATO countries, but could not find a conventional explanation.

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An artist’s rendition of the Belgium UFO that made repeated visits in 1989-90

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Colonel Wilfried De Brouwer, who later became a general,
presents anomalous radar readings at a 1990 press conference during the Belgian wave


On the night of March 30, 1993, over a hundred witnesses in England, including police officers and military personnel, saw a triangular-shaped craft able to rapidly accelerate in seconds from a hovering position. The British Ministry of Defense stated that “none of the usual explanations put forward to explain UFO sightings seem applicable” and concluded that the evidence showed that “an unidentified object (or objects) of unknown origin was operating over the UK.”

Similarly, multiple police officers in Southern Illinois saw an object in January 2000 that looked and behaved very similarly to the Belgian and British UFOs. In fact, the Illinois police officers’ drawings of the craft are uncannily similar to the depictions of triangular craft produced by Belgian law enforcement officers a decade earlier, as well as many others since.

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A Belgian Air Force weather forecaster drew his sighting in 1990
© SOBEP archives

In 2006, pilots and airport personnel witnessed a disc-shaped object hovering over O’Hare airport for over five minutes, yet no government investigation was undertaken.

And, while most sightings have conventional explanations, I think it is stunning how many reports come in regularly to groups like MUFON, with impressive detail, including photos or videos. I often hear from skeptics, “If UFOs are out there how come nobody ever gets a video with all the smartphones around?” That is ignorant, it happens all the time!

Q: Some people believe the more recent sightings in cases such as those you mentioned may simply be US government tests of experimental aircraft. Is that possible?

A: I can understand why this may seem the most plausible explanation. But I can assure you, those objects did not belong to US Department of Defense. Just before the 9/11 terrorist attacks, I was contacted by the DoD Office of Congressional Affairs. They were in a tizzy because Robert Byrd, the powerful Chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee, was challenging them over reports appearing in magazines such as Aviation Week and Space Technology describing an alleged super-secret US aircraft program dubbed “Aurora.”

Senator Byrd would use his budget power to punish the department severely if we lied to him or withheld information. We pursued all possible options, double-checking with the appropriate officials while reminding them of the imperative of providing an accurate response. We quickly confirmed what we already knew - that while there are always things on the drawing board, there was nothing remotely resembling such aircraft being operated by the department. We had nothing with the capacity to hover and then silently accelerate at massive speeds.

Also, it is totally uncharacteristic of the US military to conduct experimental tests of new vehicles over populated areas where security would be compromised and innocent civilians placed in harms way. That’s completely contrary to military DNA. Alien visitation is actually easier to believe than that level of stupidity being exhibited by the brilliant people developing new aircraft technologies for DoD.

Q: Are you certain there is no government cover-up?

A: It’s impossible to prove the negative, so all I can say is that I never saw any evidence of official interest in UFOs. I’d love to believe we have a crashed saucer somewhere, but I’ve never seen anything remotely supportive of such incredible claims. In my experience, on those rare occasions when UFO incidents involving the government occur, they are highly inconvenient, awkward and embarrassing for the afflicted government officials who want nothing more than to put the issue behind them as quickly as possible! The military seems generally unwilling to investigate even when UFO reports come from our own military pilots or officials in high office such as Fife Symington, the former governor of Arizona. Senior officials are so fearful of being ridiculed that they conceal any expression of interest or curiosity.

Q: Some inside sources have proposed that retrieved hardware from a UFO may exist within a private aerospace company which has become independent from the DoD. In this way, it would be exempt from government oversight and known only to a few people. Do you think this is possible?

A: I find it hard to imagine something as explosive as recovered alien technology remaining under wraps for decades. So while I have no reason to believe there is any recovered alien technology, I will say this: If it were me, and I were trying to bury it deep, I’d take it outside government oversight entirely and place it in a compartment as a new entity within an existing defense company and manage it as what we call an “IRAD” or “Independent Research and Development Activity.”

Q: So where does this all leave us, and what is to be done?

A: In my view, calling for the end to an alleged government UFO cover-up is almost certainly a dead end, and does not help inspire anyone in government to become more open to the topic. The UFO mystery is a scientific problem. A true scientist seeks and follows the data no matter how politically incorrect the facts may be. The greatest scientific breakthroughs occur when we verify information that challenges conventional wisdom. That’s why I joined the board of UFODATA.

Q: I’m so glad you did. What kinds of new data are you hoping we will collect?

A: Our team of scientists and engineers are designing and will build a large network of automated surveillance stations with sophisticated sensors to capture a wide range of data. The stations will house cameras to record both an image and spectra, a magnetometer, instrumentation to detect radiation, a gravimeter, and more. They will be mobile so that we can readily deploy them to areas that become hotspots of UFO activity. We can then make the data available to the scientific community for analysis.

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Q: Do you think UFOs could be visitors from civilizations elsewhere?

A: I’m certainly intrigued by the possibility. But I don’t think we will find out without a deeper scientific inquiry. I would like to invite the public to participate and support this lean but potentially groundbreaking effort, staffed by volunteers. UFODATA’s findings, one way or another, can help us to resolve this perennial mystery and perhaps even help us to better understand the universe and mankind’s place within it.
 
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Strange, Weird, and Amazing Astronomy Facts
Wednesday, April 20, 2016 | Astro Reporter

View attachment 1715
Black holes gobble up material that strays too near them.They're among the oddest, weirdest things in the universe.

Even though humans have studied the heavens for thousands of years, we still know very little about the universe. As we continue to explore, we learn more about the stars, planets, and galaxies. Some of the things we find out are amazing, and others are confusing. Here is a collection of amazing, interesting, and strange astronomy facts, based on our current knowledge of the cosmos.

  • We can only detect about 5% of the matter in the universe. The rest is made up of invisible matter (called dark matter) and a mysterious form of energy known as dark energy.
  • Neutron stars are the leftovers of the deaths of massive stars in supernova explosions. These stars are so dense a soup can full of neutron star material would have more mass than the Moon. They are among the fast-spinning objects astronomers have studied, with spin rates up to 500 times per second!
  • The Sun's core releases the equivalent of 100 billion nuclear bombs every second. All that energy works its way out through the various layers of the Sun, taking thousands of years to make the trip. The Sun's energy is emitted as heat and light.
  • Galileo Galilei is often incorrectly credited with the invention of the telescope. Historians now think the Dutch eyeglass maker Johannes Lippershey was its creator. Galileo was probably the first to use the device to study the heavens.
  • Black holes are so dense, and produce such intense gravity, that nothing — not even light —can escape their gravitational clutches. However, there are some unusual situations where a form of radation — called Hawking radiation — can slip away.
  • When supermassive black holes collide, gravitational waves are released. These waves were known to exist, and were finally detected on 19 Feb 2016.
  • If you somehow got too close to a black hole and were sucked in by its gravitational pull, it would pull harder on your feet than on your head. You would get stretched out — or spaghettified — by the intense pull.
  • Light from distant stars and galaxies takes so long to reach us that we are actually seeing these objects as they appeared in the past. As we look up at the sky, we are really looking back in time. For example, the Sun's light takes almost 8.5 minutes to travel to Earth, so we see the Sun as it looked 8.5 minutes ago. The nearest star to us, Proxima Centauri, is 4.2 light-years away, so it appears as it was 4.2 years ago. The nearest galaxy is 2.5 million light-years away, and it looks as it did when our australopithecus hominid ancestors walked the planet.The farther away something is, the further back in time it appears.
  • The Crab Nebula was produced by a supernova explosion that appeared in our skies in the year 1054 A.D. The Chinese and Arab astronomers at the time noted that the explosion was so bright that it was visible during the day, and it lit up the night sky for months. It was likely also observed by the Anasazi people of the U.S. southwest.
  • Shooting stars really aren't stars. They are usually just tiny dust particles falling through our atmosphere and they vaporize due to the heat of friction with the atmospheric gases. Earth sometimes passes through cometary orbits. As comets travel around the Sun, they leave behind dust trails. When Earth encounters that dust, we see an increase in meteors.
  • Even though Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun, temperatures there can reach -280 degrees F on its surface. How can this happen? Since Mercury has almost no atmosphere, there is nothing to trap heat near the surface. So, the dark side of Mercury (the side facing away from the Sun) gets very cold.
  • Venus is considerably hotter than Mercury, even though it is farther away from the Sun. The thickness of Venus’s atmosphere traps heat near the surface of the planet. Venus also spins very slowly on its axis.
  • A day on Venus is 243 Earth-days long, while Venus's year is only 224.7 days. Even weirder, Venus spins backwards on its axis compared to the other planets in the solar system.
  • Space isn't completely empty. We often hear about the vacuum of space, but it turns out that there are a few atoms of matter in each cubic meter of space. The space between galaxies, which was also once thought to be quite empty can often be filled with molecules of gas and dust.
  • The universe is filled with galaxies and the most distant ones are moving away from us at more than 90 percent of the speed of light.
 
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Continuing in the UFO vein, here is a news report about a UFO sighting from the 70's, long considered more credible than most. Maybe it is because it was made by a ... tune-in to find out.

Code:
[URL="http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/video/3314458-finding-minnesota-deputys-ufo-encounter/"]http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/video/3314458-finding-minnesota-deputys-ufo-encounter/
[/URL]

 
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Hunting for hidden life on worlds orbiting old red stars
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York | Published: Monday, May 16, 2016

Planetary diversity suggests that around other stars, initially frozen
worlds could be the size of Earth and provide habitable conditions once the star becomes older.


RamirezandKaltenegger.jpg

Ramses Ramirez, left, and Lisa Kaltenegger hold a replica of our own habitable world,
as they hunt for other places in the universe where life can thrive.


All throughout the universe, there are stars in varying phases and ages. Planetary diversity suggests that around other stars, initially frozen worlds could be the size of Earth and provide habitable conditions once the star becomes older. The oldest detected Kepler planets — exoplanets found using NASA’s Kepler telescope — are about 11 billion years old. Our Sun is currently 4.6 billion years old. Astronomers usually looked at middle-aged stars like our Sun, but to find habitable worlds, one needs to look around to stars of all ages, including red giants.

In their work, Ramses M. Ramirez and Lisa Kaltenegger from Cornell’s Carl Sagan Institute have modeled the locations of the habitable zones for aging stars and how long planets can stay in them.

The “habitable zone” is the region around a star in which water on a planet’s surface is liquid and signs of life can be remotely detected by telescopes.

“When a star ages and brightens, the habitable zone moves outward and, you’re basically giving a second wind to a planetary system,” said Ramirez. “Currently, objects in these outer regions are frozen in our own solar system, and Europa and Enceladus — moons orbiting Jupiter and Saturn — are icy for now.”

Dependent upon the mass (weight) of the original star, planets and their moons loiter in this red giant habitable zone up to 9 billion years. Earth, for example, has been in our Sun’s habitable zone so far for about 4.5 billion years, and it has teemed with changing iterations of life. However, in a few billion years, our Sun will become a red giant, engulfing Mercury and Venus, turning Earth and Mars into sizzling rocky planets and warming distant worlds like Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune — and their moons — in a newly established red giant habitable zone.

“Long after our own plain yellow Sun expands to become a red giant star and turns Earth into a sizzling hot wasteland, there will still be regions in our solar system — and other solar systems as well — where life might thrive,” said Kaltenegger.

“For stars that are like our Sun, but older, such thawed planets could stay warm up to half a billion years in the red giant habitable zone. That’s no small amount of time,” said Ramirez.

“In the far future, such worlds could become habitable around small red suns for billions of years, maybe even starting life, just like on Earth. That makes me very optimistic about the chances for life in the long run,” said Kaltenegger.
 
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Clues to ancient giant asteroid found in western Australia
By Australian National University in Canberra | Tuesday, May 17, 2016

"The impact would have triggered earthquakes orders of magnitude
greater than terrestrial earthquakes, it would have caused huge
tsunamis, and would have made cliffs crumble."

Marble_Bar_sediments.jpg

Sediments at Marble Bar, western Australia

Scientists have found evidence of a huge asteroid that struck Earth early in its life with an impact larger than anything humans have experienced.

Tiny glass beads called spherules, found in northwestern Australia, were formed from vaporized material from the asteroid impact, said Andrew Glikson from The Australian National University (ANU).

“The impact would have triggered earthquakes orders of magnitude greater than terrestrial earthquakes, it would have caused huge tsunamis, and would have made cliffs crumble,” said Glikson. “Material from the impact would have spread worldwide. These spherules were found in sea floor sediments that date from 3.46 billion years ago.”

The asteroid is the second oldest known to have hit Earth and one of the largest.

Glikson said the asteroid would have been 20 to 30 kilometers across and would have created a crater hundreds of kilometers wide.

About 3.8 to 3.9 billion years ago, the Moon was struck by numerous asteroids, which formed the craters, called maria, that are still visible from Earth

“Exactly where this asteroid struck the Earth remains a mystery,” Glikson said. “Any craters from this time on Earth’s surface have been obliterated by volcanic activity and tectonic movements.”

Glikson and Arthur Hickman from Geological Survey of Western Australia found the glass beads in a drill core from Marble Bar, in northwestern Australia, in some of the oldest known sediments on Earth.

The sediment layer, which was originally on the ocean floor, was preserved between two volcanic layers, which enabled precise dating of its origin.

Glikson has been searching for evidence of ancient impacts for more than 20 years and immediately suspected the glass beads originated from an asteroid strike.

Subsequent testing found the levels of elements such as platinum, nickel, and chromium matched those in asteroids.

There may have been many more similar impacts, for which the evidence has not been found, said Glikson. “This is just the tip of the iceberg. We’ve only found evidence for 17 impacts older than 2.5 billion years, but there could have been hundreds. Asteroid strikes this big result in major tectonic shifts and extensive magma flows. They could have significantly affected the way the Earth evolved.”
 
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This weekend: Blue Moon to coincide with Mars opposition
AccuWeather Meteorologist Brian Lada | May 18, 2016; 2:15 PM ET


Astronomers and stargazers are in for a treat this upcoming weekend with two big celestial events taking place: a ‘Blue Moon' and the opposition of Mars.
[SIZE=+1]
Blue Moon
[/SIZE]

May's Full Moon goes by several names, including the Full Flower Moon, the Full Corn Planting Moon and the Milk Moon. But this year, it will also go by the title of a Blue Moon.

A Blue Moon typically occurs once every few years (hence the term ‘once in a Blue Moon') and is commonly the name of the second full moon in a calendar month. However, this weekend's Blue Moon gained its name a different way.

Normally, there are only three full moons in each season, but occasionally there is a season with four full moons. When this happens, like how it is this spring, the third of the four full moons earns the name of a Blue Moon.

Here is what the weather looks like for Saturday night's Blue Moon:

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Despite their name, blue moons are not actually the color blue and will appear their typical color.

The next ‘traditional' Blue Moon does not occur until Jan. 31, 2018.

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A blue moon shines above Stockton Springs, Maine, in 2013.
(Photo/AccuWeather Astronomy Facebook Fan Barbara)
[SIZE=+1]
Mars Opposition

[/SIZE]One day after the full moon, Mars will reach opposition, meaning that that Earth will be passing directly between Mars and the sun.

When this happens, Mars will to be extremely bright, making it a great time for astronomers to observe the planet.

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(Photo/EarthSky/Mikhail Chubarets)

Mars will be one of the brightest objects in the sky on Sunday night after the Moon and will be visible from dusk to dawn.

According to EarthSky, by the time Mars reaches opposition, it will have quadrupled in brightness since the beginning of April. Additionally, it will shine nearly 80 times brighter than it does when the planet is at its faintest.

Even if clouds block your view of Mars on Sunday night, it should remain bright for several weeks before it slowly and steadily becomes faint.

650x366_05181821_page.jpg


About a week after opposition, Mars will make its closest approach to Earth in over 10 years.

At a distance of 46.8 million miles (75.3 million km), this will be the closest the Red Planet has been to our planet since 2003!

Although this is the closest the planets have been in years, it does not mean that Mars will be significantly larger in the night sky as some social media hoaxes might suggest. While it is true that Mars does give off a red glow in the night sky, you will not be able to see the planet like you would the Moon.
 
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Watch Mars in Opposition LIVE With Slooh Observatory
By John Wentz | Published: Thursday, May 19, 2016

Ilan: In case weather gets in the way or you want an alternative (maybe better)
view of Mars in opposition, here is a way to do it.


The most recent Hubble image of Mars, taken on May 12, 2016.

Sunday night, Mars will make its closest approach to Earth, known as opposition. Slooh Observatory will be livecasting the event, which you can see in the below media player.

Opposition occurs when a planet anterior to Earth sits directly "behind" it, as if in a straight line going from the center of the sun through the Earth to the planet. In this way, it's said to be directly opposite the sun in the sky, hence the name. An opposition event occurs every 26 months. At this opposition, Mars will be 0.51 AU from Earth, or 47,416,757 miles.

The next "perihelic opposition" is not set to take place until the next opposition in 2018, when Mars will be just 0.39 AU or 35,880,942 miles from Earth. That places it as close to Earth as it will get until 2035. The most distant opposition in recent years took place in 1995, when Mars was 0.68 AU from earth, or 62,809,309 miles. For a little bit more about oppositions past and present, check out this piece by our own Michael Bakich.

Slooh's coverage begins at 8 p.m. ET on Sunday night, after the sun goes down. Given its close approach, it will appear very bright in the sky, the second brightest object next to Jupiter (third if the moon is up.) To learn a little bit more about how to observe it, check out Michael's helpful tutorial.

Live View of Mars in Opposition:
Code:
https://youtu.be/ZzOcKtBaFek

Michael's piece about oppositions past/present mentioned above:
Code:
http://www.astronomy.com/observing/sky-events/2016/05/oppositions-past-and-future

Michael's helpful tutorial mentioned above:
Code:
http://www.astronomy.com/observing/sky-events/2016/05/observe-mars-at-its-best
 
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European astronomers may have found a new way to find alien planets
By CORDIS | Published: Friday, May 20, 2016

New methods could pave the way to finding a true other Earth.

Gliese_667_Cc_sunset.jpg

ESO/L. Calçada

EU researchers have pioneered new calibration strategies for detecting "habitable" planets outside our solar system – with impressive results already. The existence of extra-terrestrial life presupposes the existence of habitable planets – like Earth – outside our solar system. What makes our own planet so special is the fact that it has a solid outer crust and is situated at a distance from the sun where liquid water can exist. Only a few other planets have ever been discovered which satisfy these 'habitability' criteria.

Through pioneering new calibration strategies for detecting the tiniest variations in light waves from stars, the EU WAVELENGTH STANDARDS project aims to help astronomers find new 'habitable' planets, and perhaps one day help us answer the question of whether we are truly alone in the universe.

Star performance

The five year project, due for completion at the end of 2016, has already recorded several achievements. 'We have participated in several international, long-term projects with the instruments we have helped to develop and build,' explains project coordinator Professor Ansgar Reiners from the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany.

'These projects have involved the search for extrasolar planets and life elsewhere in the universe. Some discoveries have proved important for our understanding of planet formation, such as the planet we found orbiting Kapteyn's star.'

WAVELENGTH STANDARDS has also made a significant contribution to the CARMENES project, which built two spectrographs (instruments to measure wavelengths) with sensitivity extending into the infrared in order to search for Earth-like planets around low-mass stars. Reiners' team was responsible for calibration, data reduction and analysis.

'Another success has been our responsibility for calibration in the CRIRES+ project at ESO (European Southern Observatory)'s Very Large Telescope. Our group is also going to be in charge of the calibration unit for the design of the planned high resolution spectrograph for ESO's flagship project, the 39m E-ELT (European Extremely Large Telescope).'

Funding from the EU's European Research Council (ERC) also enabled Reiners to carry out high precision experiments with local telescopes and couple them with state-of-the art frequency calibration methods (called laser frequency combs). 'We were able to install all necessary equipment required for highest precision measurements in-house,' adds Reiners.

On the right wavelength

In order to detect 'habitable' planets outside our solar system, extremely sensitive equipment is required. Minute, periodic changes in starlight must be identified, which indicate that the star is being orbited by a planet.

Such investigations require ultra-precise light sources that can be used as reference points to allow the measurement of light wavelengths. For "cold" stars however – the type of stars that are closest to us – the calibrations required have until now simply not been available.

'A small, Earth-like planet is detectable as a change in wavelength observed from a star; in other words, the star very slightly changes colour,' explains Reiners. 'This is why we need new wavelength standards that tell us at what particular wavelengths we are receiving from the starlight at any given time, and this is where our project promises to make a difference. Our group is now one of the few worldwide that can provide calibration strategies and facilities for the next generation of radial velocity spectrometers.'
 
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HTML:
https://youtu.be/jOmb-STnOg4

Tycho's Supernova Remnant Expands

What star created this huge expanding puffball? Featured here is the first expansion movie ever created for Tycho's supernova remnant, the result of a stellar explosion first recorded over 400 years ago by the famous astronomer Tycho Brahe. The 2-second video is a time-lapse composite of X-ray images taken by the orbiting Chandra X-ray Observatory between the years 2000 and 2015, added to a stock optical frame. The expanding gas cloud is extremely hot, while slightly different expansion speeds have given the cloud a puffy appearance. Although the star that created SN 1572, is likely completely gone, a star dubbed Tycho G, too dim to be discerned here, is thought to be a companion. Finding progenitor remnants of Tycho's supernova is particularly important because the supernova is of Type Ia, an important rung in the distance ladder that calibrates the scale of the visible universe. The peak brightness of Type Ia supernovas is thought to be well understood, making them quite valuable in exploring the relationship between faintness and farness in the distant universe.



Video Credit: NASA, CXC, GSFC, B. Williams et al.
 
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